Results Highlights

The AflaZ Project delivered critical insights into aflatoxin contamination and innovative strategies for its mitigation. Researchers identified key environmental factors and genetic variations influencing toxin production in maize, leading to advanced detection methods such as ddPCR and whole-genome sequencing. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of biocontrol fungi like Trichoderma afroharzianum in inhibiting harmful fungal growth and developed plant-based solutions using Kenyan medicinal plants. Sustainable farming techniques, including proper storage, intercropping, and push-pull systems, significantly reduced contamination levels. Additionally, awareness campaigns and farmer training programs led to improved agricultural practices, contributing to safer maize production and enhanced food security.

For further and more exact Information about the Studies that have been conducted, look up in the Publications

Work Packages and Research Approach

To comprehensively tackle aflatoxin contamination, the AflaZ Project was structured into ten work packages (WPs), each focusing on a specific aspect of fungal contamination, toxin mitigation, and food safety. This division allowed for a systematic, interdisciplinary approach, combining molecular research, biocontrol strategies, agricultural interventions, and farmer education to ensure practical, long-term solutions. Below is an overview of the WPs, their research goals, and key findings:

WP 1: Molecular Monitoring of Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi in Maize

This work package investigated the conditions that favor aflatoxin production in maize, particularly the role of water activity and temperature. Researchers found that A. flavus produces the highest toxin levels after nine days of fungal growth, with toxin-producing strains outcompeting non-producers. The innovative ddPCR technique allowed for early detection of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes, providing a potential early warning system for contamination.

WP 2: Whole Genome Sequencing and Fungal Comparisons

By sequencing aflatoxin-producing fungi, researchers identified genetic differences between toxic and non-toxic strains. The study revealed that non-toxic strains lack the aflT gene, which plays a key role in toxin production. Additionally, genes related to iron metabolism and lignin degradation were identified, offering insights into the ecological roles of these fungi.

WP 3.1: Sustainable Aflatoxin Reduction Using Biocontrol Fungi

This work package explored the use of Trichoderma afroharzianum as a biological control agent. The fungus successfully inhibited aflatoxin-producing fungi and even completely suppressed toxin production in specific conditions. Moreover, it showed no harmful effects on plants, proving to be a safe and effective alternative for aflatoxin control.

WP 3.2: Sustainable Aflatoxin Reduction Based on Phytochemical Parameters

Kenyan medicinal plants were evaluated for their antifungal properties. Extracts from Lippia adoensis and Ocimum gratissimum demonstrated strong inhibition of aflatoxin-producing fungi, particularly their essential oils. A starch-based essential oil formulation was developed and successfully tested, offering a natural, plant-based alternative to chemical fungicides.

WP 4: Regional Mycotoxin Contamination and Aflatoxin Reduction in Maize

Field studies in Kilifi and Makueni revealed high aflatoxin contamination levels, often exceeding safety limits. While rapid test kits proved effective, their high costs remain a challenge for farmers. Methods such as sorting, ammonia treatment, and soaking significantly reduced contamination, and natural substances like wood ash and Moringa oleifera showed promise as biocontrol agents during storage.

WP 5: Mycotoxins and Soil Quality

This research examined aflatoxin persistence in soil. Results showed that aflatoxins degrade naturally due to microbial activity and light exposure, with faster breakdown in sandy loam soils than in clay soils. These findings indicate that aflatoxins pose minimal long-term ecological risks but persist longer in certain soil types.

WP 6: Insect-Associated Fungal Spore Transmission

Farming methods and their impact on aflatoxin contamination were investigated. While monoculture maize increased yields, it also led to higher mold and pest infestations. Alternative strategies like intercropping and push-pull systems reduced aflatoxin levels but slightly lowered yields. The study also confirmed that maize weevils are key carriers of aflatoxin-producing fungi, significantly contributing to contamination.

WP 7: Aflatoxin Transfer in Milk and Dairy Products

Advanced HPLC-MS/MS and ELISA methods improved aflatoxin detection in feed and milk. Feeding trials confirmed toxin transfer from contaminated maize to milk, whereas biocontrol fungi effectively prevented contamination. However, aflatoxins persisted in yogurt and cheese, indicating the need for further research on toxin degradation during dairy processing.

WP 8: Pilot Field Studies on Farming and Storage Practices

The effects of different farming and storage techniques on fungal contamination were assessed. Conservation agriculture resulted in the lowest contamination levels, while moisture control during storage was identified as a crucial factor in aflatoxin prevention. Farmer training programs significantly improved post-harvest handling and storage techniques.

WP 9: Knowledge Dissemination and Capacity Building

To promote aflatoxin awareness, over 250,000 farmers were reached through training sessions, documentaries, and digital platforms like e-GRANARY. Farmers adopted improved harvesting and storage techniques, leading to higher yields and reduced contamination.

WP 10: Communication and Capacity Building

This work package focused on strengthening expertise and international collaboration. Kenyan PhD students received specialized training in Germany, enhancing their knowledge in soil and mycotoxin analysis. Awareness was also raised through lectures, exchanges, and the AflaZ website, fostering knowledge-sharing across regions.